Factors That Affect Travel And Tourism

Factors That Affect Travel And tourismTERM OF HOSPITALITY INDUSTRYService providers such(prenominal) as restaurants, hotels, motels, inns are classified under the umbrella of the cordial reception patience. The hospitality word come from a French word hospice meaning to provide finagle for travelers from distant countries to feel at home in the county they are chew the fat. Hospitality industry is growing by day and it span all over the world.1.2) AdvantagesOur country Malaysia give gain a lot of advantages from the hospitality industry as this industry leave alone shape about job opportunities for the country and increases the revenue of the country through and through tourism. Taking for example the high level or the 4/5 stars hotel like Golden m new(prenominal) wit Hotel, having to hire decorous man power or part time workers to cater for the increase of phaeton. Workers consider leave behind be at the Front Desk department and the Housekeeping Department. This non o nly benefits permanent cater but overly those students who need extra income to finance their studies.The hospitality industry is not the only industry which lead profit when the numbers for tourist from oppositewise countries increases. E very industry players in the country also wants to gain some profit such as when tourist come across a country for a day or to a greater extent(prenominal) they would rent to search for a suitable place to stay. Looking for alteration one has to assess the purpose of their visit and Traders Hotel is the best choice for business visits. If the tourist see a country to relax themselves, then budget hotels and above would be a better choice.Food and beverage Industry is the second industry which will benefit to earn a large amount of profit. Travellers visiting a country will travel around to find food when hungry. Malaysia food or our local anaesthetic cuisine will be their choice and with this income will be gene grazed for the Food and Beverage Industry. In incident any local wishing to operate a restaurant out station, tourist will shit to the opportunity to try it and their food will be easily be accepted,Tourist from countries like Gengland, Germany and lacquer were impressed to see our beautiful beaches and our historical buildings. The tallest tower in Kuala Lumpur, the Twin Tower will be a great surprise to them as their country does not engender such tall tower or structure. They will also tell their friend at home of the magnificence things that Malaysia has offered. Malaysia will create a name for herself when tourist visits Malaysia. With this the hospitality and tourism industry will bloom when the satisfied tourist call up to visit. Malaysia Visit Malaysia Year promotion will be permitted to put up posters advertisement on the public transport.Business and trade opportunities will flourish with visitors visiting Malaysia via the Hospitality Industry. They will be catch by some of the resources that Malaysia merchantman offer such as rubber and tin ore and in return the economy of Malaysia will improve. Science and Technology in countries like America, China and Japan are more than advanced than Malaysia who is still slightly behind will gain better knowledge by knowledge from these advanced countries.The professional and cons of everything. The benefits of the Hospitality Industry are that it will make Malaysia shine but at the same time it will also bring in some disadvantages to our country.1.3) DisadvantagesThe increase in crime rate is what we see as the most disadvantages that our country will face. It must be forgotten that al tourist from other countries that apply visa to visit our country comes with genuine intention. There may be some criminal from other countries coming to Malaysia to escape from the law of their own country. They might commit crimes in our country such as murder, robbery and other things associated with crime.On the other hand, visiting t ourist from other countries visiting Malaysia, they will stay in hotels and this in return bring in profits to the lodging Industry. This is good for our country. With the increase in arrival of tourist there might not be enough rooms to cater especially during the peak season. Three or four stars hotel normally does not adjudge a lot of rooms unlike the five star hotels, so the question is where are these travelers qualifying to stay?These day, frequent raids have been conducted on night sport, pleasure outlets, bars and small shady hotel to sweep out foreigners who enter the country on tourist visa as many have use their visa by working illegally in the country especially in the night entertainment industry. This has caused a lot of home to break as the men would visit these places frequently, thus divorce rate might increase by 40%.Another factor to be looked into is the policy of the government caught betwixt the two sectors. They might be caught in between upgrading the a irport or to build new factories. At times the choice made may not be correct. If upgrading the airport is their choice than the Hospitality and touristry Industry will flourish and on the other hand they might ignore the stickment or manufacturing industry. At such the countrys growth will not be in balance.Culture change and beliefs will be another factory that Malaysia needs to address due to the arrival of tourist whereby they will bring in such cultures and beliefs that may not benefit our country. One example is the dressing whereby our youngsters were influence to head start wearing western dressing which is short and revealing. Due to all these our conservative nature, old tradition will phase off and soon forgotten.In conclusion, Hospitality Industry needs to be upgraded so as to generate enough income for the countrys development. On the other hand our government needs to put in more effort to preserve the tradition of our country.2.0) QUESTION 2Find out the factors tha t affecting travel and tourism. rationalise in detail.2.1) FACTORS THAT AFFECTING TRAVEL AND TOURISMIt is the dream of every country to be listed as the prototypal country one would like to visit for holidays or business. The popularity and so is the economy will be change magnitude when having tourist from other countries. Hoping to draw in more tourists most countries are frequently into ways to develop or improve or upgrade their tourist spots. To further attract tourist promotions and advertisement have to be done often. There are several factors that can have negative effect on the Travel and Tourism Industry which cannot be avoided such as below.Weather ConditionsOne factor that can deter a tourist from visiting a country is weather which human do not have the capability to combat it since it is the product of nature. If a country encounters extreme bad weather such as a blizzard, heat wave or rotund snow fall off no tourist will want to make that visit. During certain tim es of the year some countries experience heavy rainfall resulting in floods and that will hamper the tourist to make visits as it will be very inconvenient to do shopping or sightseeing.Natural DisastersEarthquakes or tsunamis are act of god and cannot be controlled by human. During any earthquake occurrence loss of lives, serious damaged to properties and infrastructure will be badly damaged. Taking for example the recent earthquake that hit Japan. All tourists had their booking for the holidays either have their booking cancelled and some opted for change to a safer destination.Disease Outbreaks or PlaguesA human intelligence works better compared to that of animals and that allows us to think logically. In case where there is an outbreak of disease and chevvy in a country, tourist will avoid making visits to that country. To persuade a tourist to visit a country down with such disaster is not easy especially those who do not want to take any chance of falling ill. No tourist wo uld like to take chances or put their family in danger by going to such affected places no matter how much(prenominal) the visit means to them or for whatever reasons as some disease like Severe abrupt Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) would be fatal.Countries at WarNo tourist of sound mind would like to visit a war-torn country. People visiting this war-torn country are mostly journalist move to cover news of the war and also some who would like to see the suffering of the people of that country. During such period the government of that country is more concern about winning the war and not attracting tourist. In short that very country will no longer have places of attraction or scenic beauty which is safe for tourist from other country to admire or enjoy as lives will be lost daily due to the unrest. Who would like to be caught in the crossfire of the two opposing forces in the country?EconomyIn times of economic recession people will be more careful in the way their money is spent. Saving money will be their main agenda and the money they will spend will be concentrated on food instead of other shopping. Even though there is a need to have a break they will go to a places nearer to home where they do not have to pay accommodation charges or other charges which were increased to cushion the inflation by staying in hotels for a day or two. Tourist will also be discouraged to travel until such time when the recession is over.SeasonThe kind of holidays and the modality suitable is the decision tourist takes in consideration when planning their holidays. Some tourists prefer to visit countries during spend to enjoy the snow and also winter sports. Older people prefer to go to countries to enjoy the blitheness because most of the older people dislike cold and freezing places. Family with children will definitely look towards holidays in places where they can share the fun with their children in theme parks like Sunway Lagoon and etc. stingy Promotions or Adverti sementsTourist will not take chances to visit places that they are not well intercommunicate about the people, country and sceneries. They might not be able to visualize if the country they are visiting lives up to their expectation.In conclusion, a country well maintained free from diseases, minimal crime rate, good economy and free from war is the most preferred destination a tourist would look frontward to.

Review of a qualitative research article

brushup of a qualitative re see phraseThis essay is a review of a investigate article of how Local Authority hearty executioners make decisions when they are considering referrals of boorren. The title of the study is Threshold Decisions How Social Workers grade Referrals of Child Concern by Dendy Platt (2008). I would attempt to critically appraise this qualitative journal article based on essential elements of the research which include the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Findings and Conclusion. The study examined how social workers make choices on respective(prenominal) shifts of children concern referrals, if to carry emerge a an initial Assessment i.e. camarilla 17 of the Children Act 1989 or if to undertake the Child Protection Procedure under the Sect. 47 of the Children Act 1989. The major finding suggests that Social workers prioritize their referrals based on five key areas, Specificity, Severity, risk, parental responsibility and corroboration. It was r efreshing to know that selective information were collected from Social workers and that Parents were similarly involved.TitleIt is worth noning that the title adequately prepares the reader as it gives upright insight into what the study is near. The title of an article is very important as it exposes the reader to an article. The key nomenclature were appropriate and sufficient as they did retrieve the article upon typing the key words in the search engine. (According to Descombe 2008 p.88), a topic ineluctably to be a very much more narrowly define area of its study.AbstractThe major finding in this article suggests that social workers evaluate referrals based on five key factors, specificity, severity, risk, parental responsibility and corroboration. It is worth noting the mulct did prepare a reader for this study. The abstract clear highlights that the aim of the study is to find off how social workers reach decision when to carry out an initial assessment (Sect 17 of children act 1989) or a core assessment, (Sect 47 of children Act 1989) when considering referrals about child concerns.The abstract clearly stated that the study chose a qualitative start out. According to (Punch 2000 p. 243), qualitative approach is often sensitive to context and process to lived experience and local groundedness, where the researcher tries to get closer to what is existence studied. Using qualitative method allows the researcher to find out a lot about the study. He went further to pardon thatqualitative research methods are the best way we have of getting the insiders perspective (Ibid)qualitative method allows the researcher to generate new theoretical ideas. This happens because they are able to observe and speak to the multitude (person) being studied and allows them to come up with new ideas through out the study. Being bias is champion of the limitations of qualitative research method because researchers can write their own view or even sentiment on the matter. But as we can see that reaching difficult area is a ample advantage to qualitative research method.)IntroductionLooking at the introduction, it seems clear that the problem that led to the research was that the interpretation of the developments of the refocusing initiative has contributed to a climate where social workers work often feel pulled and pushed in different directions by political and popular opinion.The introduction touched on relevant government policies and initiatives such as refocusing initiative which was initiated by the government in 1990 and the framework for Assessment of children in need.In my view, the author attempted to appraise the refocusing initiative policy which attempts to refocus social work give and to initiate any necessary changes. I partly agree with this notion as the study whitethorn bring about positive changes in the child protection climate. But also the author needs to acknowledge where he points on that the climate of child protection is one of uncertainty, that social work itself is a profession full of uncertainty.The researcher explained that the implication of the refocusing initiative is the rise in the threshold for betrothal of a child protection referral as it was thought that the cost to family of child protection procedures were not unexceptionable in the cases where allegations are minor.In my view, the identification of gap of knowledge shows that the problem has significance for social work coiffure and the research may positively inform practice. Interestingly, the researcher acknowledges and analyses previous work on the child protection field ( what is known) but also points out the knowledge gap as it demonstrates how application of these factors differs in the midst of cases of child concern and cases of child protection (What is desired to be known). I would argue that these reasons amount to sufficiently justification of this study.Literature ReviewKnowledge gap was identified b ut author did not explain how his work would attempt to close the gap. Author made an sudor to critically review the work of others and points out inconsistencies. The spirit of the research is to examine ways social workers in England made decisions at the initial referral stage. It is my mean that since the author decided to collect information form social workers and families suggest that research is from a grounded guess approach.According to Punch (2000 p.163) Grounded conjecture is best defined as a research strategy whose purpose is to generate theory from entropy, To be grounded means basically the theory is generated from data. (ibid)My rational for asserting that a grounded theory approach was implemented is that the author made sense of the data through concepts primarily informed by social workers and the discovery of these concepts begins from the interviews with the social workers. (Somekh and Lewin 2006p.49) point out that grounded theory is best described as an incorporate theoretical formulation that gives understanding about how organization experience and respond to events that occur. From this definition, it could be argued that grounded theory was the approximately effective way to approach this study.Researchers do bring perspective to the research, although these perspectives tend to guide the question and model interpretation, but they dont drive the research. (ibid p.51).However one of the drawbacks from this approach is that research may be influenced by the researchers individualised experiences and previous studies which thus disable the research in approaching the study with an open mind.FindingIn my view, the researcher study has a strong internal validity, the researcher made a good effort to eliminate the alternative explanations in his findings. The result however cannot be applied beyond the sample. It would be clearly nave to believe that the findings reflect how social workers in the UK decision making.MethodThe Re searcher implemented good principles. The social workers involved have to be made aware of what they were getting into before deciding to collaborate. I would argue that appropriate procedures were implemented also the participant understood what the purpose of the research.The researcher effectively anonymised participants identities, which protect participants privacy. The likely outcome the research aim to achieve include possible changes in policy, examine practice issues for social workers carrying out initial assessment, where in the past, it would have been a child abuse investigation ( Sect 47 of the children Act 1989)One of the strengths of case study is that multiple methods and data sources can be apply to explore and interrogate case study thereby leading to a good description of a research from the perspective of the participant (Someth and Lewin 2006 p.33). I do admire the fact that the research implemented the case study approach as this gives the reader a very ric h description of the study and also gives a reader a good understanding on the issue.Reliability of the finding was promoted by the data collection from two local authorities who have a very different procedures and practice, also whole interviews were tape- recorded. According to (Silverman 2006p. 285), working with the audio and video recordings eliminates at one stroke many of the problems that researchers have with the unspecified accuracy of field notes and limited public access to themHowever the generalization of the research may not be possible. The weakness of case study is that it is not possible to generalize statistically from a belittled number of cases to a population as a whole (Someth and Lewin 2006 p.34)ReferencesPunch, K.F. (2000) Introduction to Social Research valued and Qualitative Approaches. London Sage Publication.Somekh, B. and Lewin, C. (2006) Research Methods in the Social Sciences. Sage Publication London.Silverman, D. (2006) 2nd Edition. Qualitative R esearch. Theory, Method and Practice. Sage Publication London.Denscombe, M. (2008) Ground Rules for Good Research, a 10 guide for social researchers. impolite University Buckingham.

Article Analysis: Computerised Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

Article Analysis Computerised cognitive Behaviour TherapyADEOLU AMOS ADEYEMO D240 EMA X246808XQUESTION (A) Summarise the query article An exploration of the curative do work musical composition using computerised cognitive behaviour therapy (D240, 2010 The Open University). (B) wrangle the strengths and weaknesses of the approach to investigate contained in the article. (C) Conclude by discussing which saying of the advise relationship you sense of smell most drawn to and why. Word Count. 2000.PART A SUMMARYThe purpose of this qualitative excogitate on the employment computerised cognitive behaviour therapy is to investigate the stupefy of lymph glands when using computerised cognitive behavioural therapy and too to identify if it has the same effect as it would in verbalism to face cognitive-behaviour therapy given that high value pay off been placed on client- healer relationships in success or failure of a therapy. The other purpose of the hit the books is to exp lore the process by which clients argon able to make use of unsupported computerised Cognitive-Behavioural therapy self- friend therapy to aide their recovery (Davd G. Purves Dutton, Janet, 2013). In order to carry let out this qualitative study, seven participants were recruited, six female and one male mingled with ages 30 to 57 years on voluntary basis by mode of newspaper advertisement those recruited select had mild depression with many self-help experience in the past. Those recruited were screened with the use of questionnaire to make sure they were appropriate for the inquiry. For the purpose of this investigate Blues Begone Computerised Cognitive Behavioural therapy computer program which was innovationed as self-help to strife the symptoms of fear and anxiety was employ. Each participant was sent one in form of CD to be downloaded into their computers, each has thirty episodes. It pop the questions assessment and individualized program of therapy as contain ed in CBT framework, with no interference from the look intoers, though they were gettable for assistance ((Davd G. Purves Dutton, Janet, 2013). After completion of the programme, entropy were collected from the participant by dint of semi-structured inter thought, the transcript of the interviews were analysed by the use of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis method. Inter-rater reliability was utilize to reduce any bias that may impact interpretation of the data the data was too checked by two autonomous raters only were familiar with conducting and analysing interview data ((Davd G. Purves Dutton, Janet, 2013).At the end of data abbreviation the research result shows four main areas of interest were discovered trance carrying out the process of computerised Cognitive Behavioural Therapy activity.There was development of some reasonable relationship with self-help materials provided which was confirmed by five of the seven participants, the design of the program wh ich cartoon provides warmth, humour and enthusiasm. It encourages them to form relationship just as in real live healing(predicate) tie up. nonetheless the computer was ineffectual to provide immediate response to difficulty, and detaility as in compassionate brushwood therefore the users were unable to address their problems at a deeper psychological level. also five participants expressed that they feel empowered be coiffure the program provided them study that change their perspective on a specific issue, they were able to study information that are relevant they are to their situation and how that information can be used to address their situation without any assistance from a therapist. The ternary fountainhead raised was that the participants were stimulated with the way the program were poseed in antithetical colours, music, images and humorous cartoon, all these boost their engagement and helped some to think, this was seen as a form of interaction. The last f inding was that the participants make how the structured of the Blues Begone helped them to plunder down their issues and handle them in a convenient way thereby regaining both sense of direction and individual control in the process ((Davd G. Purves Dutton, Janet, 2013).While the researcher was discussing the research it was suggested the environment created by therapist with warmth and empathy that enhance therapeutic change can be reborn into self-help media to the extent that the user became engaged in the self-help process and motivated to compress the work of change. Even with the participants not being able to experience the chemical reaction and depth of face-to-face rapport, it did not reduce the worth of the cCBT intervention. And what the cCBT experience lacked in depth was make up for in participants involved with different features of the program to experience changes in thinking and develop new explanations to their problems. It was also suggested that while cCBT has the prospective of stimulating and facilitating individual process, as the responsibility of the work of therapy lies with the client. It also confirms the idea that in self-help effort the client is indeed the main cause of change. It also suggested that the implication for practice was talking therapy services are to offer self-help or guided self-help intervention before receiving face-to-face therapy.PART BDiscuss the strength and weakness of the approach to research (qualitative) contained in the article.qualitative research can be defined as organised study that involves gathering and evaluating non-numerical data (D240, 2010 p.309). It is round the study of people in specific circumstances and usually in their own normal environment, Qualitative research usually aim to give support to the development of understanding, by arriving at a report and or interpretation of specific aspect of human experience. Qualitative research is different from quantitative research quantita tive research is mainly about gathering numerical (numbers) data usually through questionnaires, surveys to give explanation to a specific phenomenon and in most expressions it involves big group hypothesis is usually given at the beginning of the research unlike qualitative research (D240, 2010).There are different means of collecting qualitative data, among which are interviews, open-ended questionnaires, diaries and recordings made during commission therapy sessions (D240, 2010 p. 309). The agency of qualitative research used dictates the method that provide be used to construct meanings, for instance there are different guidelines that can be used to analyse interview data which includes empirical phenomenology, grounded theory and interpretative phenomenological analysis. However another school of thought believed that meaning is made up betwixt people through their use of language in view of this idea analysis of dialogue and everyday talk is taken as sources of meanin g (D240, 2010 p. 309). In this typesetters case of qualitative research approach, there are different methods of analysing different aspects of language. Dis course analysis, confabulation analysis and narrative analysis. The parley analysis for mannequin focuses on how an individual position herself or himself at bottom wide-ranging culturally based ways of talking while conversation analysis is on the way meaning is created in the moment by moment interaction between talkers. Narrative on the hand emphasises the stories someone tell about his or her lives as vital elements of meaning (D240, 2010 p. 310).However whatever way of conducting qualitative is chosen there are sets of bill procedures to follow. It activates with researcher identifying question or issue to explore this is followed with the creation of textual matter which can be in for of diary, interview transcript or a recording session of a therapy to represent the phenomenon. The researcher will instanter hav e to deeply involve himself or herself for its meaning to come out, after(prenominal) which the act of interpretation will be transferred to appropriate audiences in a report format (D240, 2010 p.310).One of the strengths of qualitative research approach is in its ability to provide a thoughtful and description of peoples understandings of a phenomenon which cannot be understood in terms of numbers example can be taken from the article, most of the participants felt empowered during the course of cCBT program, this type of feeling cannot be quantified in numbers. Also qualitative research approaches permits some amount of flexibility in the conduct of a definite study which indicates that the researcher do not have to use a definite type of data aggregation method towards the investigation hardly can be flexible in using a contour of methods to collect data. it helps the investigation of complex or difficult topics if a bond of trust develops between the research worker and th e participants and aided investigators to make connections between divers(a) facets of peoples life, like domestic issues, work and leisure. Another effective thing about qualitative research approach is that as a researcher you have the capability to interact with participants in the language they understand and most importantly on their positions.After identifying the process involved in conducting qualitative research and how good it can be to unearth the private fact that quantitative research cannot give answer to, some weaknesses have also been noticed. One of these weaknesses is in the focused group which are perpetually small which means the results are most likely to be sensible for that specific focused group. In that wise generalisation cannot be made as will do with quantitative research results. Another point is because qualitative researches pay more attentions on depth, it may mean that collection and the analysis of data materials can take a long time, and if th at is case the economic and human resources costs may be high. Also there could be doubt in accuracy of the interpretation of the investigator the investigator/researcher as a human-being just like participants may have their own biases to consider when carrying out the research process. And again because qualitative research involves small group of participants, other academic researchers might not take the outcome of the research seriously.PART CCOUNSELLING RELATIONSHIP I FEEL DRAWN TO AND WHY. The relationship that develops between a client and therapist has been described as a very vital aspect of counselling process therefore sustaining a good therapeutic relationship is essential. A good therapeutic relationship between the counsellor and client crosswise all therapeutic approach to counselling has been suggested to be one of the exceed factors that lead to successful therapeutic results (D240, 2010 p.259). The counselling relationship I feel drawn to is from therapeutic che mical bond perspective, it involves all essentials of the relationship needed with the dribble fast between therapist and client (D240, 2010 p. 261). I believed that collaboration between the client and the therapist, with full focus on the clients and their essentials needs and set goals will help the clients to improve their coping strategies and be able to help themselves, while modify confident(p) therapeutic environment to help in exploring their past and present issues without passing judgement. Among the factors identified as necessary for development of therapeutic alliance is empathy it is defined as the capability of the counsellor to have thoughtful of the area of the client and be sensitive to their experience in a moment-by-moment musical mode (D240, 2010 p. 262). It was suggested that there is prove that empathy is effective in bringing about collateral therapeutic change more than individual technique (Bohart, Elliott, Greenberg and Watson, 2002 cited in D240, 2010 p. 262). It is about going into clients world and sees things from their own perspective. Partnership between the client and therapist in some counselling approach start with shared goals and expectations that are deliberated and agreed upon for the therapeutic work they are on the job(p) towards, recognition of tasks to be performed by each person can hold the relationship together. I believed that therapeutic alliance should start from the time initial contacts were made with the client by showing attributes of respect, candidness, understanding and it is stated in the client-therapist contract.The contract usually sets out boundaries, roles, responsibilities and expectations on both sides. Other characteristics of therapeutic alliance are active listening to clients and make them know that they are being heard and understood, therapist to be aware of verbal and non-verbal communication. I do believe in given objective feedback either positive or negative both are believed t o be important in improving outcomes (D240, 2010 p. 264). Although at the same time I will be mindful of any negative feedback I give so that it will not create more problems for the client having realised that people process information in a different way. Also on my role, I prefer to work together with client on equal levels that is adult-adult/friend-friend type of relationship to deal with presenting issues (D240, 2010 p. 267).REFERENCEBarker, M. Vossler, A. and Langdridge, D. (2010) D240 Understanding counselling and psychotherapy, London, rational for The Open University.David G. Purves and Dutton J, (2013) An exploration of the therapeutic process while using computerised cognitive behaviour therapy Linking research with practice, DOI 10.1080/14733145,2012.761259SELF-REFLECTION The area I found enkindle is the counselling relationship, understanding it makes me confident on how to engage with clients The areas I found difficult was research summary and I struggled a bit wit h intervention on strength and weakness of qualitative research method.

Situation Of Mcdonalds KFC

Situation Of Mcdonalds KFCMcDonalds is one of the best international retailers in providing fast victuals services to its nodes. Providing world class fast- victuals in to a groovyer extent than 100 countries is the nerve centre idea of McDonalds. McDonalds provide its services in whole of the world. Mc Donalds be local and independent franchisee which is owned and operated globally. In the globally popular eating house industry in approximately all the countries where it is operating its services McDonalds holds a major part of the sh ar. partnership B KFCKentucky Fried Chicken is called as KFC. It is a fast food restaurant chain whose headquarteres is in Louisville, Kentucky, joined States, which specializes in fried chicken and veritable(a) in burgers and wraps. KFC secondz over Mcdonalds as an Amerifanny icon, it is the the worlds expectantst fried chicken chain and the second largest restaurant chain, with over 17,000 outlets in 105 countries and territories.Founder of KFC is Harland Sanders, who began to sell fried chicken from his wayside restaurant in Corbin, Kentucky during the Great Depression. The pioneer of the restaurant Sanders is the one who brought in franchising concept, with the low Kentucky Fried Chicken, the franchise opening in Utah in the early 1950s. Its rapid development saw it grow too large for Sanders to handle, and he slowly sold the connection to a group of investors. still after that withal Sanders image was still used for branding Sanders had been make a Kentucky colonel after the success of his first restaurant, and he croped as a good impart representative for the company until in a while in the beginning his death. KFC had mixed success in 1970s and 1980s at stand as it went through a series of corporate owners who had little or no familiarity in the restaurant stage business, although it continued to expand in afield markets. KFC was sold to the spirits firm Heublein in the early 1970s, who were taken ove r by the R.J. Reynolds corporation, who sold the chain to PepsiCo. PepsiCo transformed its restaurants division by besides including Pizza Hut and Taco Bell, as Tricon Global Restaurants, which was latelyr called as Yum Brands.The chain primarily sells fried chicken pieces and variations such(prenominal) as wraps,chicken burgers and starters, as sound French fries,coleslaw, desserts and other soft drinks, often supplied by PepsiCo. Its near famous product is fried chicken pieces, seasoned with Sanders 11 herbs and spices skipper Recipe. The precise nature of these ingredients are unknown, and represent a remarkable dole out secret has been kept on this delicious recipe. The famous slogan for KFC is figure lickin good, which has later been replaced by So good, and Nobody does chicken interchangeable KFC. chinaware and US,its home country together contain around half of its outlets which are KFCs two major single markets.INTRODUCTION OF LEADERSCOMPANY A JIM SKINNERJames Alan muleteer was born 1944 in Illinois. He is an Ameri git business executive. He was the depravity Chairman and CEO of McDonalds Corporation. Skinner began his course with McDonalds in 1971 as a restaurant manager trainee in Carpentersville, Illinois. Skinner graduated high school in 1962 at West amply School in Davenport, Iowa,2 he went on to start do roughly ten years in the United States Navy, Skinner began his career with McDonalds as a restaurant manager trainee in Carpentersville, Illinois in 1971, and since then has held many leading positions. He never graduated from college.3 He started out like so many other teenagers, working as an entry- take aim crew roundbody at the old McDonalds on Brady Street in Davenport.4 precedent to enough CEO, Skinner was chairperson and oral sex Operating Officer of the McDonalds Restaurant sort out with corporate caution responsibility for Asia, Middle East and Africa (AMEA), and Latin America. Prior to that, he was responsible fo r McDonalds Japan Limited, their second-largest market. Skinner held numerous positions in the U.S. Corporation, including theater director of Field Operations, Market Manager, Regional ill-doing President and U.S. ripened Vice President and Zone Manager.LINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_SkinnerCOMPANY B ROGER EATONBorn in South Africa, Eaton moved to Australia in 1984.2 Prior to becoming President and Chief Concept Officer of Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), he was Senior Vice President/Managing director of YUM Restaurants world(prenominal) South Pacific from 2000 to 2008.1In April 2009, he appeared in an American commercial promoting the introduction of Kentucky Grilled Chicken to the KFC menu.3 In May 2009, he appeared again in an American commercial to bode the ending of the free Kentucky Grilled Chicken that was promoted earlier. Due to overwhelming success, the company could non afford to honor the coupons, and Eaton had to announce later compensation for the coupons.4h ttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_EatonRoger Eaton became President of KFC Corporation in early 2008. Eaton is an international restaurant industry antique and has been with Yum Brands for 12 years. Prior to taking on the top job at KFC, Roger was Chief Operating and Development Officer for Yum Since 2000, he has served as Senior Vice President/Managing Director of Yum Restaurants International South Pacific (SOPAC). previous in his career, Eaton was Regional Operations Director of KFC SOPAC, General Manager of KFC mod Zealand and Finance Director of KFC SOPAC. Under his leadership, SOPAC has had 27 consecutive quarters of paying same store sales growth, as well as a consistent above target impertinently restaurant builds.http//topics.wsj.com/person/E/roger-eaton/802Roger Eaton serves as Yum Chief Operations Officer, a position he has held since late 2011. Roger has in like manner served as Chief Executive Officer of KFC U.S. after serving as President of KFC Corporation. Eaton is an international restaurant industry veteran and has been with Yum Brands for 12 years. Prior to his roles at KFC U.S., Roger was Chief Operating and Development Officer for Yum Brands. He has also served as Senior Vice President/Managing Director of Yum Restaurants International South Pacific (SOPAC). Earlier in his career, Eaton was Regional Operations Director of KFC SOPAC, General Manager of KFC New Zealand and Finance Director of KFC SOPAC. Under his leadership, SOPAC had 27 consecutive quarters of profitable same store sales growth, as well as consistent above target new restaurant builds.http//www.yum.com/company/srofficers.aspCURRENT SITUATION OF THE COMPANYSCOMPANY A MCDONALDShttp//www.aboutmcdonalds.com/content/ obturate/AboutMcDonalds/Investors/Investors%202012/2011%20Annual%20Report%20Final.pdffirst paragraphCOMPANY B KFChttp//www.yum.com/annualreport/first paragraph sum of a leaderA leader is a person who influences a group of people towards the achievement of a goa l.http//www.vtaide.com/gleanings/leader.htmLEADERSHIP IN COMPANYCOMPANY A MCDONALDSTruly a charismatic and transformational leader, many judge McDonalds turn-around in the past few years to the safaris of Skinner not single did he revitalize the organization, save he reinvented the fast food business with a new vision and direction (Hume, 2007). Early in the turn-around, he was one of the architects of the Plan to Win initiative which renewed McDonalds core cerebrate of store operations. His election to the CEO post provided some stpower and belief for the organization. Hume notes that one of the key elements to his success was his vast experience with overseas markets that gave him neat diversity exposure which was crucial for the global corporation. This diversity has definitely inspection and repaired grownup McDonalds a competitive advantage, and was paramount in the global communication amidst employees and customers (Daft, 2008, p. 334). One of his noted achievements during his tenure in regards to leadership was fighting the McJob fault he made employees feel important and began to promote the various positions in a b beneficialer light through advertising campaigns (Hume, 2007).In terms of Mr. Skinners philosophy, he is primarily focused on customer satisfaction. He deals that is necessary to first meet customer expectations and then focus on the restaurants themselves. The philosophy also includes keeping things simple and manageable for each(prenominal) store while devising sure that everyone is aligned around that one idea. The idea is directed towards do a good appearance, caring about how the restaurant looks and how you present yourself. another(prenominal) important aspect of his philosophy is the fear of complacency. Therefore, he supports creativity, but also wants to make sure that people do not lose shack of the chains primary objectives (Hume, 2007). Thus, in that respect is a strong focus on coming up with good, creative strategies, and then putting the full effort into winning execution. For Mr. Skinner, a companywide initiative is always a must, and never a maybe. Skinner is also a man of values and ethics When McDonalds was doomed for the obesity problem, he helped direct the company to take responsibility and help crap a solution rather than pass the blame. Thus, Skinner can be seen as a moral leader and symbol of doing the right thing for McDonalds (Daft, 2008, p. 169). Finally, one of Skinners continuing main goals is talent management and leadership development (Hume, 2007). This involves critical tasks such as reorganizing individuals into different roles and identifying potential leaders to be awarded accessoryal responsibility.While many of the Mr. Skinners values are not easily discernable on surface, his leadership was seen at the restaurants observed. The care regarding customer satisfaction was most obvious, employees were always polite and the restaurant was very clean. During som e observations, employees were seen talking with regular customers beyond the normal service interactions, demonstrating some level of intimacy between them. In addition, almost all employees seemed well unnatural and presented themselves well. There seemed to be a high level of morale, even with the more menial and custodial positions, which was unexpected in a fast food restaurant. In many of the locations visited, there were employee recruitment signs on the door that listed benefits however, the act process was online. While more efficient, perhaps a stronger focus on in-person recruitment would help improving morale and result in more applications.Improving Employee EffectivenessOne may initially believe that there is not really much that can or even needs to be done in order to improve qualification in McDonalds restaurants however, good leadership involves constantly reinforcing a brighter vision of the future tense and increasing value for both customers and employees. A n employee should not think that just because they score fries or flip burgers, that they cannot make a difference. Rather, by further creativity and leadership even at this lowest level, the next great executive may emerge. It is important to turn each restaurants employee into a plentiful team member. In order to subjoin productivity and employee commitment, we propose several(prenominal) measures. The first measure would be to create a program to encourage creativity among restaurant managers, owners, and operators. In fact, the iconic Ronald McDonald was not developed by Ray Kroc or anyone at corporate, but by the owner of a local franchise (Walker Scott). Rewards should be available for coming up with new ideas at the restaurant level. As owners and managers are the ones who are actively confused with the day-to-day operations, they have a greater vantage point for employing successful changes. In order for such a program to be successful, there must first be some educat ional programs like workshops. At the regional level, managers and owners can be brought together and taught about creative ideas. This will encourage thinking outside of the box, and furthermore can introduce individuals to the charge of creative swiping, which is a process of copying the best ideas whether they be from at heart your industry or from completely unrelated fields (Peters, 1987). After decently motivating the owners and managers, there should be a trickledown effect to the restaurants employees.In addition to the trickledown effect of targeting the managers, we would take steps to directly motivate individual employees as well. On this front, one of the first steps is to truly understand each and every employee. Some employees may only be working at McDonalds temporarily, but for others this may be the only available job opportunity. For such individuals, they want to maximize their job satisfaction. We would implement a program analogous to those in large corpora tions where employees are able to set specific goals and inform their rationale for working at McDonalds and what they expect from their employment. This process would show employees that they can do more than flip burgers, for example develop leadership and management skills which can be invaluable regardless of future career juts. Managers and/or owners would apply Vrooms Expectancy Theory in this case the attention and interference of each employee should be personalized (Daft, 2008, p. 235). Managers would therefore develop a plan with each employee to increase his intrinsic satisfaction, while at the same conviction increasing that employees productivity.Building on our focus on individuals, we would also implement a scholarship and education program. We want our employees to represent us well within our restaurants and throughout the world. We would offer high school and college aged employees a greater number of college scholarship opportunities in return for quality work and demonstration of leadership potential. Younger workers are often harder to motivate directly, but the opportunity to have someone else paying for your education is always a great motivator. The program would reward quality work such as customer service and punctuality, as well as creativity and the ability to dream like a leader. Employees must be sponsored by a manager or owner and would have to write an essay reply a question that instigates them to think creatively about how we as a corporation could improve. This would motivate even the youngest and most inexperienced ones. In fact, this could create an upstream effect on the whole restaurant or corporation, increase team cohesiveness and help encouraging those who are older or in higher positions to also think about making the consummate organization better (Daft, 2008, p. 239). The winners would make a positive impact on the organization and earn the extrinsic reward of a scholarship. In consequent years, this would en courage other young employees to also pursue this opportunity, be a first-class worker and think creatively about the organization.http//www.managementparadise.com/forums/foundation-human-skills-f-h-s/221122-leadership-style-mcdonald-s.htmlCOMPANY B KFC

Myspace Is A Social Networking Music Media Essay

Myspace Is A Social Networking practice of medicine Media Essay1.0 INTRODUCTIONIn 2003, MySpace began. It was manufactured by a sm totally group of programmers who already had work in eUniverse, MySpace has grown by leaps and bounds. MySpace soon became one of the largest online companies. It was all due to the intake of Thomas Anderson and roughlywhat of his hero who was members of Friendster and already had everything they occupyed to get started and earn MySpace.In July 2005, MySpace was bought expose by Rupert Murdochs newsworthiness Corp. They changed the companys name to Intermix Media. News Corp is owned by Fox Broadcasting. subsequently, in 2006, Fox launched a UK version of MySpace. They successful attempt at attention deficit disordering the UK euphony scene to MySpace. Later they overly release MySpace in other(a) country.Currently, MySpace head office is in California. They are in the same constituteing as Fox synergetic Media. They single get to 300 p eople working for them, but they pay off gain over 200,000 new users everyday and halt over coke million users worldwide.Nowadays, MySpace is considered as a tender networking web bil permit that provides us a passing personalized experience in entertainment. anyhow that, MySpace in any case helps to connect medical specialty, celebrities, TV, movies and the plot of land that we love.MySpace is easy and convenient for every user. It is similar to Friendster which exits their users to pick or build their favorite theme themselves. Furthermore, MySpace to a fault allows users to upload their video, music, photo and other else that they demand to share with other MySpace users. Games are also provided for users. in that respect are legion(predicate) different kinds of games in MySpace.Some of the MySpace users expand their social network finished MySpace. Some of them also use MySpace to connect with their long-distance friends.In short, MySpace is a social networking we bsite that is very convenient to us. We give the sack play game, watch video, essay music and do other things in MySpace.2.0 MySpace MusicMusic is MySpaces territory. There take on huge of operative and band pageboys. Some artists subscribe to millions of friends and the pages allow streaming music, artist control over the look and feel of the site and etc. MySpace also cookmusic streaming, play lists, downloads, merchandise sales, ring tones and other features.(Facebook v. MySpace in the U.S. Market The MusicFactor, Michael Arrington, Aug 22, 2008)MySpace Music is allowed users to look their favourite music by city. Besides that, MySpace users are allow to download music, link to news articles, and concert cultivation and musician advertisement on MySpace Music website. MySpace creator, Anderson, makes no distinctions about talent level. He allowed anyone with music that great deal be downloaded feces post on MySpace Music. (Website looks to get the word out about Pitt sburgh musicians, ByRege Behe, PITTSBURGH TRIBUNE-REVIEWFriday, February 25, 2011)3.0 ARTISTSArtist is a person whose creative work armys sensitivity and imagination. They have their own official profile in MySpace. Their official profile is allowing MySpace users to make out their late situation.3.1 How To Search The Favorite ArtistStep 1 For those who already had their MySpace account, go into MySpace website (www.myspace.com) and login with your account.For those who dont have their MySpace account, go into MySpace and press sign-up.Step 2 No matter you are login or sign-up, you lead enter your homepage. subsequently that, you leave behind chit-chat a bar on your top page, produce the Music word, and chaffer into it.Step 3 You testament sympathize a search box on your right hand side, fibre your favorite artist inside the box and press search.Step 4 Waiting your case come out.3.2 The Results That I SearchedBased on the topic, I had chosen the artist that I loved. I c hose Britney Spears in this time. Britney Spears is my favorite artists all the time. She is an Ameri tin potful recording artist and entertainer.I have followed the quantitys above to search the artists that I love. I found that is showing 3517 impression for Britney Spears. In 3517 results, in that location were including artists, albums, crys and music videos results. For artists, in that respect were 1000 results about Britney Spears. And the mental strain, there were also 1000 results. Besides that, it had 526 results for the album and 1000 results for the music videos. The results fitting corresponding the picture show on above.For artists part, I pressed the Most Relevant beside the artist results I saw that had some(prenominal) related results about Britney Spears, but it was some only. I saw the Britney Spears official MySpace profile on the first and other was just a normal profile named Britney Spears.For songs part, I chose the Most Popular to give away out w hat is the well-nigh universal Britney Spears song. As the results, I found that Britney Spears popular song was Womanizer, Circus, If You Seek Amy and other. The ranking was establish on how many measure does the song plays. Other side, I also chose Most Recent to descry out what is the most recent song. The most recent song was based on the latest Britney Spears album. I found that had Circus, Lucky and etc.For the albums part, I chose Most Popular and Most Recent, but after I confab in, I realize some of the album was not about Britney Spears. after that, I chose Most Relevant to comment out Britney Spears album. There had Britney, Circus, memory loss and other albums. There had a Buy Album button downstairs the all of the albums. We can download the album songs from MySpace to iTunes or Amazon MP3 and it make up $7.99 per album.For the music videos part, I blackguard Most Popular to find out what is the most popular video. I found that some of the video was not about B ritney Spears MV and some was some people recorded and post the video that they sang. After that, I chose Most Recent. I found the result almost not Britney Spears MV. Therefore, I chose Most Relevant, I can see that most of the Britney Spears MV was found. There were turn over It against Me, Gimme More and etc.3.3 bring down Britney Spears writeI visited Britney Spears official MySpace profile, and I saw above of the profile, there had Britney Spears status. It will update what does Britney Spears done recently and let all MySpace users populate her situation. Besides that, I found Britney Spears has 706989 friends on MySpace. She had so many friends because when we get her as a friend, the system will approve us automatically. nevertheless compare to some top artists, such like Eminem, Britney Spears not much more than him. I also found there were 925 people like this profile on Facebook. It energy be used for march on Britney Spears MySpace page on Facebook. On the gener al info there, there had some elaborate such as last login, profile views, records label, type of label and etc. It is give some general information to those who visited her profile.After that, I followed the step as the picture on my left. I went into the Music page and percolate Featured. I saw that had some songs on the play list such as Till the World End, Hold It against Me, 3 and etc. Those songs put on featured playlist were the recommended songs.The songs those in featured playlist were recommended by Britney Spears. It competency be some songs took from her albums as a theme song to promote her albums. For example, the Hold It against Me album, Britney Spears chose the song named Hold It against Me as her album theme song. still some of the songs in featured playlist are not only the theme song of the album. It might be the nice songs in her album.After searching the songs, I search the featured video. I followed the step in the picture on my left, click Videos. I foun d that already had a featured video when I came inside the page.The featured video is Hold It against me. This music video just came out recently. It was Britney Spears new album music video. Britney Spears had recommended her new album music video to all users of MySpace.Besides that, we can follow the video. When you follow the video, it is mean that you already like the video. The result of how many people like this video will show under the video. Other, you also can share this video on Facebook by click to all Facebook users.4.0 PLAYLISTplaylist is a collection of songs from a music depository library created by users. MySpace also allow all users of MySpace to create their own playlist.4.1 How To hit PlaylistIt might have some ways to create playlist. The appropriate way had shown as to a lower placeStep 1 Login into MySpace. After that, click My Stuff.Step 2 You will see Create Playlist. Click it. pass the picture on aboveStep 3 Click the match New Playlist, type your pl aylist name and press OK.Step 4 Your playlist have been done.The other way to create playlist is find the song that you necessity. You will see a + button, click it. After that, a box will come out. If you want to create a playlist and amount the song into the new playlist, click Create a playlist, and type your playlist name inside. Then, click Add. Your playlist have been created.4.2 Add nervous strain To PlaylistIt is so easy to add song into the playlist. It might have some ways. The easier way was after you create a playlist, just searched the song that you want on the search box. Your results will be shown. After that, attract or drop the song that you want into the playlist.The other way to add songs into the playlist was you just saw the song that you want, click the song. You will see a + button, press it. After that, an Add to playlist box will come out. Choose the album that you want add into, then click Add. Beside these two ways, it also might have other ways to add song into playlist.Add song to playlist, it will let MySpace users easier to find the songs to apprehend that already save in playlist.4.3 Edit PlaylistAfter you created a music playlist on MySpace, you might need to edit it some times. Up to your playlist, it might have somethings can change. For example, you can change your playlist name finished press the name of playlist, then edit it.Besides that, you also might add some description on the playlist to dsicribe the playlist that you created.There were also have three buttons named Share Playlist, Buy Playlist and Make Private to let you choose. Share Playlist can let you share your playlist to MySpace itself, Facebook, Twitter and Digg. The Buy Playlist was allow us to buy playlist which created by ourself. The prices were depends on how many songs we add into our playlist. Last, there was a button named Make Private. After you click that button, you will not share your playlist to MySpace, Facebook, Twitter or Digg. The play list just can play by your own MySpace account.In additional, you will also can delete songs which you dont want in the playlist. It was so easy to delete. You just need to click a x button behine the song name. Then the song will delete. You can just see the picture as below.5.0 gumshoe TIPSMySpace is a lifestyle social networking that contain over millions of peoples. All of the users in MySpace include you and me are playing a very important government agency in keeping the community safe. Safety Tips is a webpage in MySpace that serving us to receive how all MySpace users can keep safe while playing social networking like MySpace.On this page, you will find some safety information, tips and some resources to navigate online communities. MySpace promise that to keep MySpace users safe online through unique safety features and technology, partnerships with safety organizations and law enforcement, and our support of new laws that will nurture the growth of online safety tools , education and research.5.1 For Parents and EducatorsMillions of people are employ MySpace. Some of them are teenagers. They have their own personal MySpace profile. As a parent or educator, you may worry about what do teenagers do with MySpace. Do they safety while playing MySpace? There are a lots of question might be come out from parents and educators.For parents and educators, MySpace have already set some districts and regulations for teenagers. For those teenagers who want to register a MySpace account, must(prenominal)iness be at least 13 years old. Those teenagers are below 13 years old are not permitted to register. MySpace provide this rule because those teenagers are below 13 years old is not mature. They dont have analysis skill to analyse what can learn and what they cant learn.In additional, MySpace also will automatically assign a Private Profile for those users are below 18 years old. Private Profile core that only account users will know their last name or em ail address can contact them or view their profile. This information will not show to other MySpace users. MySpace needs to protect some teenagers are below 18 years old. It is because their personal details might be stealing and contact with them.No matter how many rules and regulations that MySpace had set, parents and educators must keep looking on their child. It is because rules and regulations just have little helps. The most important is parents and educators must perpetually communicate with their children. They need to talk with them always and ask what they doing with MySpace.5.2 For TeenagersMySpace is a public space. It might have some unknown add you as friend. For teenagers, you might not put your contact number, category address and something easy to contact you in MySpace. It will let alien easier to find you. Besides that, you also not take some prejudicial picture and those pictures with your uniform. It can cause stranger go your school to find you.Furthermor e, teenagers might protect your privacy. Remember set your profile to private which lets only your friends can view your profile. Teenagers also might only accept friend invitations from people you know and trust.Moreover, if teenagers see those inappropriate contents, they should tell their parents or adults hide these kinds of thing to MySpace. Inappropriate contents such as violence picture, inner picture and etc. Thesewill affect thethinking ofteenagers.Think sooner you post. Teenagers must think before what you have post on MySpace. When you uploaded something on MySpace, it can downloaded by someone else. Hence, teenagers might not post anything that they dont want show to other.6.0 CONCLUSIONMySpace is a social networking that provide us passing entertainment such as music, video, games and else. There had huge of people beget MySpace members. MySpace created in 2003 until present. MySpace is similar with Friendster. Both of them also can let users anatomy layout themse lves.The most famous application in MySpace is MySpace Music. MySpace Music can let us search the artist that we loved and add the artists song into our playlist. We also can buy artists songs and artists album through MySpace. MySpace Music will also have Top Artists, Top Albums and Top Videos in MySpace.Before I do this assignment, I dont know what MySpace is. According to my opinion, MySpace just is a social networking. But, after I do my assignment, I feel that I was wrong. MySpace is not only a social networking. It is also a place that helps us connect with our favourite artists. We can know what our favourite artists do recently in MySpace.Through doing this assignment, I also know we can create a playlist that we want in MySpace. Besides create playlist, I know how to add songs into playlist and edit playlist. Furthermore, I also know how to find the artists result that I want.I found that MySpace really have many benefit for those who like music. Music is a part of our life . We can search the artist latest songs on our artists MySpace profile. MySpace really is a unattackable website to us. I will introduce this website to all of my friends to share the benefit.

What Is Electronic Communication?

What Is electronic converse?Comp bed with the old days, the seventies and eighties, when communicating between tribe was d single either face to face, by hand written letter, or by tele audio, the modern humanity is full of electronic colloquy devices which drop by the wayside mankind to hap with single an separate newsbreakaneously. Today, many a(prenominal) citizenry applaud how on earth they, or their predecessors, ever so coped without flash lamp conversation. This report pass on helper to show the various types of electronic communication methods, why they atomic number 18 employd and by whom, and the pros and cons of having and employ electronic communication.electronic communication all in allows a someone to combine many types of media such as graphics, text, video, and voice into one single means. It is besides specific to the person or persons that you argon communication with. electronic communication is a two-way3method of communicating, where th e person that one is communicating with receives the message immediately and has the opportunity to reply to the message and the message sender immediately as well. Electronic intercourse digest be broken low into deuce-ace categories, each with its own three subcategoriesWhat is Electronic Communication?A definition of Electronic CommunicationTypes of Electronic CommunicationThe Electronic Privacy ActWhy use Electronic Communication?How it croupe help you.How it helps the environmentWho uses electronic communication?The Pros and Cons of use Electronic CommunicationElectronic Communication EtiquetteThe take chancess of using Electronic CommunicationThe gains of using Electronic CommunicationWhat is Electronic Communication?Definitions. There ar many definitions on the Webcommunication by computer wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn4Telecommunication is the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. In earlier times, this may discombobulate i nvolved the use of smoke signals, drums, semaphore, flags or heliograph. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_communicationcommunication which is transferred electronicallyen.wiktionary.org/wiki/electronic_communicationhas the meaning given by the Electronic transactions Act 1999 .austlii.law.uts.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/hefa1988221/s3.htmlTypes of Electronic Communication.There are many antithetic types of electronic communication devices. They include carrel phones, fax machines, pagers to receive phone numbers, citizens band radio apply by farmers to receive weather reports, computers (desktop and laptop), and hold PDAs to write down education for later retrieval. Within some of these devices, such as booth phones and computers, there are communication devices which hoi polloi use to tell back and forwards with profession and social contacts across the macrocosm. These are the network, e-mail services, chat rooms, electronic billboards such as those in multiplicat ion Square New5York, instant messaging devices such as Facebook chat and Instant Messenger, and moving in and social chat areas such as Facebook, Twitter, My Space and My Business space, and a video communication and conference carcass named Skype where people can see each other on the cloak while they talk. You can hold inexpensive video conferences or consider conferences from your desk, or conference with people at several desks located across the world. Why Use Electronic communications? Potomac K straight offledgeway. http//www.knowledgeway.org/living/communications/homepage.htmlThe Electronics Communications Privacy ActThis is a law, enacted in 1986, which sets out the provisions for admittance, use, disclosure, interception and silence protections of electronic communications. It covers various forms of electronic and wire communications and it prohibits unlawful access and certain disclosures of communications contents. It comes under Title 18 of the U.S. Code. AOL Leg al Department. http//legal.web.aol.com/resources/ economy/ecpa.html6Why use Electronic Communication?How it can help you?Electronic communication is not just new alsols for communication just also new ways to communicate. Electronic communication is interactive so you can engage with your audience much better. This is achieved through using pictures, sounds, graphics, videos, and all of these can be combined into one single message. Also, the communication is often immediate (texts, chats, instant messaging, Skype video) and it is two-way i.e. there is a back and forth conversation. Fax machines allow one to send and receive printed matter nearly immediately. The most important thing is that these electronic communication devices allow you to communicate immediately with anyone across the whole world.How it helps the environment.Electronic communication has cut down on the excessive use of paper products (fax machines being the only exception), thereby decrease the number of t rees needing to be cut down and also reduce the amount of paper being burnt into the atmosphere. Many of these devices also move pictures which can be put on a disk, thereby reducing the chemical usage from picture development. The Internet stores huge amounts of information so fewer books and newspapers are being produced. This also cuts down on paper, ink and chemicals that are used, so less waste product is going into the ground.7This in turn cuts down on the huge landfills that are ask to hold all the waste that was generated from paper products. Another thing is that one doesnt need lead or ink to write down the information it is done by pressing a only ifton. There is less pass off of lead products making people sick or inks making a mess. Teachers and students also dont have to purchase pens and pencils which then need to be wedded of which is a biological hazard and harmful to the environment.Who uses electronic communication?Electronic communication is expanding thr oughout the world. From young school age children through Grandparents, close to anyone you speak with has an electronic communication device of some sort. Large business have the most types since they rely on these communication devices to conduct business and communicate with their contacts. But the average American family will have at least a cell phone or a computer in their home. Poorer families and third world countries might not have these devices but the opportunity to own them or have access to them is increasing. For example Internet Cafes which offer paid usage of their computers.8The Pros and cons of using Electronic CommunicationElectronic Communication Etiquette.There are several points to consider when using electronic communication. These include amphetamine of generation, transmission and response to messages the permanence of messages they can be deleted or stored for years the represent of distribution messages can go to many people or just one at the uniform cost accessibility there is a problem with sending too much correspondence security and privacy messages usually get to the skilful recipient but they can be intercepted due to incorrect addressing and/or perusal by unauthorized people sender authenticity people can alter whom the message comes from using the appropriate degree of formalness when typography so that it doesnt embarrass you later summarizing what you are responding to and sing quotes when viable keep messages short and to the point formatting messages so that they can be read easily be careful when using sarcasm and supposition and be careful with anger be careful what you say virtually others be aware that not all devices are the same and other peoples machines may not operate the same way respect secure and license agreements be responsible for what you post.The risks of using electronic communicationBy using electronic mail, USENET news groups, electronic bulletin board systems, irc, chat, and so forth, you can make a fool of yourself to many strangers rapidly.9 direct an electronic message is a lot more than permanent than facial expression something long after your feelings change, the words are still there.The Risks of electronic Communication by Tom Van Vleckhttp//www.multicians.org/thvv/emailbad.htmlMuch of what I discussed in the musical theme above can be said here. The bottom line is that writing/posting/texting words when you are angry, drunk, upset, being personal or field of battle stupid can backfire and be used against you. Another risk is that one tends to lose the opportunity for face to face communication, and electronic communication does not allow the recipient to see the senders body style or intonation of the message. The skill of letter writing has also gone away. Also, as we become more and more computerized, we are spending more and more time on our electronic gadgets and answering the flood of electronic communication and less time having conversations with one another(prenominal) or reading a book. Also, the art of being able to spell is going away. Text language and short versions of words are taking over (brb for example or lol) and some students have lost the skill of writing a condemnation or even an essay. This is not a good thing. Also, business people have two sets of communication devices one for the office and business contacts and another for friends and family. There is a cost to all of this too. Although cell phones and fax machines are getting cheaper, there is still a monthly maintenance cost and the cost of replacement and upgrades to consider. My family spends over $400 per month on cell phones and wireless air cards10The benefits of using electronic communication.When used sensibly and for the purpose intended, electronic communication can serve many purposes. Obviously the faculty to instantly communicate is at the top of the inclining since many of us like an answer immediately. A second benefit is the cost, in that you can clutches many people at at a time with the same message. No more paper, stamps and a trip to the post office. World-wide instant communication and the ability to have business conferences and talks is probably at the top of the list for companies wishing to do well in the world economic market. Another benefit is one of being able to reach people (our kids for one) wherever they may be. There are safety features wedded to this too because one can dial 911 and get help sort out away. There are, however, still some places in the world that are inaccessible by electronic communication devices. Another benefit is that we can now multitask. For example, while instant messaging on facebook, a stockbroker can abide the market on-line and buy and sell shares.ConclusionIn conclusion, our world has come a very long way since the days of the wire and the rotary dial phone these can now only be found in museums Cell phones on kids, teens, adults and the elderly are nearly commonplace. Many families also have home computers, students have laptops for college and some homes have fax machines and 2-way radios. The age of instant communication is here, and only our grandparents and our parents can rally life before cell phones and computers. The only way that I communicate with my friends, aside11from when I see them face to face, is by cell phone or e-mail or Facebook. I hardly ever write a letter (except as a thank-you note) Having examine this topic in more depth, I have come to invite that we are all now very reliant on this instant communication. There are certainly many benefits to it all, such as speed and ease of communication, cost ( usage) and the ability to reach contacts across the world as well as download information. But there are also some risks t00- cost of purchase and maintenance for one, as well as the opportunity for misuse and abuse, and also the increased amount of time being spent communicating when one could be having a family conversation or reading a book or writing a letter. Hopefully, establish upon this report, people will see that even though electronic communication has helped improve communication speed, the art of face to face conversation and the ability to write and spell are still important skills that we need to take hold in our society..

The definition of stress and its history

The definition of try kayoed and its history tensity is defined as an organisms wind up reaction to environ ami able subscribe tos or pressures. When air was initi all in ally cultivation in the middle of the twentieth century, the term was used to refer to some(prenominal) the undercoat and the experienced effects of these pressures. More recently, how ever so, the term expressor has been used for the inspiration that aggravates a dialect resolution. One continuing discrepancy between researchers concerns the definition of stress in humans. Is it principally an external response that great deal be c atomic number 18ful by changes in glandular secretions, skin reactions, and other physical functions, or is it an inborn interpretation of, or reaction to, a stressor or is it both?The meaning of stress depends on the approach that psychologists follow. Straightforwardly, stress just sum effort, demand upon energy. Almost boththing can create this stress position a lou d noise, a deadline, revision, late transport, or even simply acquire up in the morning. However, there argon three miens of draw near a definition of stressStress can be classify in terms of all wholeness-on- unmatchables reacting in the said(prenominal) biological mode, to the same(p) stimulus. This is the stimulus based model, i.e. the stimulus causes the stress but our reaction is like physiologically. Any awareness of a stress stimulus activates the hosts physiological response. This is everyday both across cartridge clip (every time we encounter a stressor) and society.Stress can be defined as reliant upon the someones answer to the stressor. This is a more(prenominal) downbeat way of looking at stress. The individual is portrayed as suffering from stresses, feeling stressed. The individual is seen as having an immature coping mechanism. This internal response may also be down to diverse spirit grammatical cases or cultural influences, but the management of s tress is seen as climax from internal change.The most accepted way of tidy suming and psychoanalyzeing stress nowadays, is to use an interactions approach. This means we may all be faced with the same external stressor (stimulus) but the stress response that we display will unhorse heavily on our individual differences, gender or culture. In uncomplicated terms, the phrase exam is the same stimulus, but some characters will be feeling tense and croaked regarding this near event, while other will place more calm and slight stress fluctuation. Psychologists try to move up out the federal agent affecting this interaction and stress management depends on the discern interaction and response.The term stress is conceptualised in galore(postnominal) different ways by psychologists. Here are just a fewA state of psychological and physical tension produced, according to the transactional model, when there is a mismatch between the perceived demands of a situation (the stressors) and the individuals perceived qualification to cope. The consequent state of tension can be adaptive (eustress) or maladaptive (distress).Brody, R and D Dwyer (2002) Revise psychology for AS Level, Hove, Psychology Press, p210In my perception, this explains that stress is regarded as any given situation and an individual own views on this, whether they view set the bar too risque or if it is achievable. For example, the situation is running the London Marathon. One person may have been training for many months or even years for this annual run and they feel they can achieve their goal, but a nonher person who has not been training at all may feel positive when signing up, but as the day becomes closer, they begin to realise that the occupation is almost in-achievable, therefore becoming stressed.The non-specific response of the dead body to any demandSeyle (1950), in Eysench, M and C Flanagan (2000) Psychology for AS Level, Hove, Psychology Press, p137.This view explains that stress to them means that the body reacts in many ways to every situation given to that individual, no set response is guaranteed for the notable challenge.A pattern of negative physiological states and psychological responses occurring in situations where people perceive threats to their well-being which they may be unable to meetLazarus Folkman (1984) in Gross, R R McIlveen and H Coolican (2000) Psychology A New Introduction for AS Level, London, Hodder Stoughton, p60This explanation claims that stress is a response from the body which is triggered by a situation which the wit interprets and becomes threatened and overwhelmed. E.g. your first day at a new job. You arrive at your desk, given a long magnetic dip of jobs needed completing, as its your first day, you dont know what to do so your brain reads this, resulting in the body reacting (shaking, sweating etc).The physical response of stress is all about the rapid mobilisation of energy. Hans Selye is credited with stamp outularising the word stress as it is used today. Selye noticed that animals which were put in sustained stressful conditions all developed the same physical problems such(prenominal) as stomach ulcers, exercising weight loss, abnormal changes in the size of glands (some shrunk, some enlarged), and impaired resistant constitution functioning. Selye (1976) proposed that when exposed to sustained pressure there would be a mensuration response. He called this the General Adaptation Syndrome and divided it into three phasesPhase one Alarm Reaction. Immediate reactions of the organism to the stressful conditions, equal to Walter Canons (1939) theory of the fleck or flight response.Phase two Resistance stage. The animal adapts to the demands of the stressor. However, this interlingual rendition requires adaptation energy and this is gradually used up until the animal can no longer resist the stressor.Phase three Exhaustion. At this stage, the animals ohmic resistance to the stre ssor is so weakened that diseases become apparent.Most of the long-term adverse changes that Selye ascertained were due to the effects of another hormone involved in the stress response, cortisol. Cortisol has useful short-term effects including mobilising energy stores and making us feel more alert. However, for various complex reasons, the long-term effects of cortisol are to down-regulate the immune system, disrupt the reproductive system, suppress the inflammatory response and even to damage areas of the brain which affect memory and mood.Joseph V. Brady (1958) trialled on monkeys the consequent of stress inside different job roles and personalities. Brady positioned the monkeys in restraining chairs and conditioned individually one to initiate a lever. Electric shocks were given every 20 seconds unless the level was actioned in the time span. This study came to an unexpected stop when many of the monkeys passed away from perforated ulcers. To analysis this Brady used a contro l monkey. He positioned an Executive Monkey in the restraining chair, which could press the lever to put a stop to the electric shock. The other monkeys had no power over the lever, deviation only the Executive monkey with the psychological stress of pushing the take button.The schedule to the electric shocks was six hours on followed by six hours glum and after twenty-three days of this, the executive monkey died. Brady then assay a variety of schedules, but no monkeys died from this. He then returned to the cowcatcher work schedule of six on, six off and tested the stomachs of the Executives and spy that their stomach acidity was at its peak during the rest period.The maximum try materialised when the sympathetic arousal closed and the stomach was filled with digestive hormones. This was a parasympathetic rebound related with the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which began development of ulcers in the Executive monkeys. throughout all the variations of the experiment, not a single yoked control monkey ever developed an ulcer. This proposes that the ulcers were a symptom of the excessive stress encouraged by having the control over the other monkeys fate. Hans Selyes General Adaptation Syndrome proposes a similar effect in the Exhaustion phase.There were two Whitehall studies, the first investigates the societal factors of health, mainly cardio respiratory disease longevity and mortality rates within coupled Kingdom civil servants aged between twenty-four and sixty-five. The betimes study, Whitehall I Study, was carried out in 1967 and carried on for over ten years. A second chapter, the Whitehall II Study, inspected the health of 10,308 civil servants aged thirty-five and fifty-five. notwithstanding one third of these experimentees were women while the remaining two thirds were men.Whitehall II studied people within the working age. It looked into the links between work, stress and health. Whitehall II discovered organisation at work, clima tisation at work, social influences, early brio experiences as well as health demeanours all play a factor in determining the health social gradient. As partakers in this investigation resumes through adulthood, the research is concentrating on health inequalities and the aging populations powerfulness to function adequately. With an ever increasing population of senior citizens in the United Kingdom, there is a vital need to establish what causes social inequalities and to study long-term repercussions on an individuals ability to function and have a florid retirement. The social gradient in health is not so often a spectacle confined solely to the British Civil Service. All the way through the developed world wherever researchers have gained information to investigate, they have witnessed the social gradient in health. Health inequalities are a global matter affecting people across the social gradient in rich, middle income, and poor nations. To have the ability to address i nequalities in health it is essential to understand how social organisation affects health also to find ways to develop the state and circumstances in which people work and live.The Whitehall II fields of study in the lowest employments grades did demonstrated a higher materialise of having many of the ceremonious hazardous factors of coronary thrombosis tenderness disease (CHD) an inclination to smoke, lower height-to-weight ratio (higher chance of obesity and diabetes), less leisure time, and higher blood pressure. However, even after amending these factors to a more normal level, the lower employment grades were unfortunately, still at greater chance of a mall attack another factor was at work. around have directed the reason of CHD to cortisol, a hormone created by the body as a response to stress. A consequence of cortisol eat is a reduction in the immune systems efficacy through lymphocyte manipulation. One theory illuminating the connection between immune-efficiency an d CHD is that infectious pathogens such as herpes or Chlamydia are partially to blame for coronary diseases, thus a body with a chronically suppressed immune system will be less able to avert CHD.A substituted option to the cortisol explanation is that conceit is a key add factor and that the dealinghip between a professional accolade and self-esteem gives an explanation for the health gradient. The study favouring this observation related low self-esteem in test subjects with a greater decline in heart rate variability and higher heart rates in general-both established CHD risk factors-while acting out stressful tasks.At this current time there is no universally-accepted mode of causality for the occurrence exposed by the Whitehall studies. Clearly stress is associated to a greater risk of CHD, but so are many other unconventional factors. In addition to this, stress seems to be too non-specific. There are various kinds of stress in ones day-to-day life and each kind could contr ibute in a different way.The theory of symbol A and suit B reputation is a type of theory that describes a pattern of behaviours that were once regarded to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Since its commencement in the 1950s, the theory has been widely disapproved of for its scientific shortcomings. It nonetheless continues in the form of pop psychology within the general population.Type A individuals can be portrayed as impatient, controlling, concerned about their status, highly competitive, ambitious, aggressive, having difficulty restful and are occasionally detested by individuals with Type B personalities for the way that theyre constantly rushing. They are often impressively achieving workaholics who multitask, drive ones self with deadlines to meet, and are uneasy about delays. Because of these attributes, Type A individuals are often portrayed as stress junkies.Type B individuals, in comparison to type As, are described as patient, relaxed, and easy-going, ba sically absentminded any ace sense of indispensableness. This can also be illustrated as lazy and lacking ambition. Individuals who live with their parents well into their adulthood are an example. Because of these traits, Type B individuals are often depicted by Type As as unbiased and disengaged. There is also a Type AB mixed pen for people who are not easily categorised or not fit into A or B purely.Meyer Friedman portrayed a mite in his 1996 book, Type A Behaviour Its Diagnosis and Treatment, that Type A behaviour is expressed in three major indicators. One of these symptoms is pattern to be concealed and therefore less observable, whereas the other two are more visibleSymptoms of Type A BehaviourTime urgency and impatience, resulting in irritation and exasperation.Free floating resentment, which can be started by even minor events.Ready for action, this made them familiar towards achievement which caused them to be stressed due to them wanting to be the greatest at what soever they may be doing i.e. sports or in work.Type A behaviour was first explained as a likely risk factor in coronary heart disease (CHD) in the 1950s by cardiologists Meyer Friedman and R. H. Rosenman. afterward a nine-year investigation of healthy men, aged thirty-five to fifty-nine, Friedman Rosenman approximated that the risk of coronary heart disease in Type A individuals is double than that of other healthy individuals. This research had a huge effect in stimulate the development of the field of health psychology, in which psychologists view how a persons mental state affects his or her health in a physical state.Type A/B theory has been put under scrutiny on a number of grounds e.g. statisticians have disputed that the original study by Friedman and Rosenman had serious limitations, comprising of large and unequal sample sizes, and less than one percent of the variance in links explained by Type A personality.Psychometrically, the actions that define the syndrome are n ot highly associated, indicating that this is a collection of carve up tendencies, not a logical pattern or type. Type theories universally have been slated as overly simplistic and incapable of assessing the degrees of variety in human personality.Researchers also found that Type A behaviour is a poor predictor of coronary heart disease. Research by Redford Williams of Duke University, states the unfriendliness persona of Type A personality is the pure and simple risk factor thus, it is a high level of conveyed anger and hostility, not the other components of Type A behaviour that constitute the problem.On the basis of these condemnations, Type A theory has been termed outdated by many researchers in contemporary health psychology and personality psychology.To conclude, all three of these theories demonstrate positive relations between situations, theories and stress, however, as stress is an un-defined phrase, not one nor is the other able to give us further insight into how to control the stress ailment relationship. The comparison between all three however, is that a combination of cognitive approach along with behavioural approach creates a physiological reaction.